Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts abnormally to a certain type of food. The immune system mistakes the food protein as harmful and releases antibodies to fight it. This reaction can cause symptoms that range from mild to severe, such as hives, swelling, itching, vomiting, and anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening reaction.
The prevalence of food allergies is increasing globally. In the US, about 8% of children and 5% of adults have food allergies. The most common food allergens are milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish. These foods account for over 90% of all food allergies.
Food allergy diagnosis is made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specific allergy tests, such as skin prick tests or blood tests. Once diagnosed, the only treatment for food allergies is strict avoidance of the allergenic food. In cases of accidental exposure, epinephrine auto-injectors, commonly known as EpiPens, can be used to treat severe reactions.
Food allergy management involves careful reading of food labels, checking with restaurant staff about allergen-containing dishes, and carrying emergency medication at all times. People with food allergies should also have an emergency action plan in place and educate their family, friends, and colleagues about their condition.
Food allergies can have a significant impact on quality of life. People with food allergies may experience social exclusion and anxiety related to food. Children with food allergies may face bullying or teasing at school. There is currently no cure for food allergies, and many people will have to manage their condition for the rest of their lives.
In recent years, there has been a lot of research into the causes and prevention of food allergies. Some studies suggest that early introduction of allergenic foods to infants may reduce the risk of developing food allergies. Others have explored the use of oral immunotherapy, in which small amounts of the allergenic food are gradually introduced to the body to desensitize the immune system.
In summary, food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain types of food, and the only treatment is strict avoidance of the allergenic food. Food allergy management involves careful reading of food labels, carrying emergency medication, and having an emergency action plan. Food allergies can have a significant impact on quality of life, but there is ongoing research into their causes and prevention.
